Administration of Antitoxin.

Evolution of the SpoIISABC Toxin-Antitoxin-Antitoxin System in Bacilli

Programmed cell death in bacteria is generally associated with two-component toxin-antitoxin systems. The SpoIISABC system, originally identified in Bacillus subtilis, consists of three components: a SpoIISA toxin and the SpoIISB and SpoIISC antitoxins. SpoIISA is a membrane-bound protein, while SpoIISB and SpoIISC are small cytosolic antitoxins, which are able to bind SpoIISA and neutralize it...

Bacterial Toxin-antitoxin Systems Translation Inhibitors Everywhere the Toxin-antitoxin System Framework the Selfish Nature of Toxin-antitoxin Systems

*Correspondence to: Laurence Van Melderen; Email: [email protected] Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are composed of two elements: a toxic protein and an antitoxin which is either an RNA (type I and III) or a protein (type II). Type II systems are abundant in bacterial genomes in which theymove via horizontal gene transfer. They are generally composed of two genes organized in an operon, encoding ...

Measurement of Epsilon Antitoxin in Sheep Sera by ELISA

Production of Clostridium difficile antitoxin.

We have produced antitoxin to the toxin of Clostridium difficile in rabbits and in goats. Antitoxin dilutions of 1/8,000 and 1/5,120 were capable of neutralizing lethal doses of the toxin in mice and in tissue culture, respectively.

Toxin–antitoxin systems

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are either proteins or non-coding RNAs. Based on the molecular nature of the antitoxin and its mode of interaction with the toxin the TA modules are currently grouped into five classes. In general, the toxin is more stab...